5 major principles of human development from a lifespan perspective5 major principles of human development from a lifespan perspective

Are we who we are because of nature (biology and genetics), or are we who we are because of nurture (our environment and culture)? LIFE-SPAN 4.Development is contextual. A significant aspect of the aging process is cognitive decline. Contrast this with some developing countries where menstruation is not publicly addressed, or where girls on their period are forced to miss school due to limited access to feminine products or unjust attitudes about menstruation. Psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, educators, economists, historians, medical researchers, and others may all be interested and involved in research related to the normative age-graded, normative history-graded, and nonnormative influences that help shape development. The dimensions of cognitive decline are partially reversible, however, because the brain retains the lifelong capacity for plasticity and reorganization of cortical tissue. Nonnormative influences are unpredictable and not tied to a certain developmental time in a persons development or to a historical period. This understanding is somewhat new and still being explored. No single age period is more crucial, characterizes, or dominates human development. The term ecological refers to a natural environment; human development is understood through this model as a long-lasting transformation in the way one perceives and deals with the environment. And the 46-year old may have acquaintances, but rely more on family members to do things with and confide in. This video describes the normative history-graded influences that shaped the development of seven generations over the past 125 years of United States history. It is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely respond to stimuli. The environmental factors, health and education, have been suggested by Neiss and Rowe to have as much effect on intelligence as inherited intelligence. Lifespan development is a progressive process of development in a human being involving an increase in age, which begins at conception and ends with death (Sugarman, 2000, p. 56). What have these principles to do with you as you teach learners? Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. Butthese are not the only types of changes taking place; there are also cognitive changes, including the development of advanced cognitive faculties such as the ability to think abstractly. In this way, this course covers and crosses multiple disciplines, such as psychology, biology, sociology, anthropology, education, nutrition, economics, and healthcare. Another context that influences our lives is our social standing, socioeconomic status, or social class. The principles are: 1. They begin babbling at about the same age and utter their first word around 12 months old. Paul Baltes identified several underlying principles of the lifespan perspective (Baltes, 1987; Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006). Development is Gradual 3. But economic conditions change in the mid-1960s and through the 1970s. For instance, why do biological children sometimes act like their parentsis it because of genetics or because of early childhood environment and what the child has learned from their parents? Culture is an extremely important context for human development and understanding development requires being able to identify which features of development are culturally based. In the book, he warned against the inevitable dangers of a mother providing too much love and affection. Development is Sequential 4. Well learn a lot more about theories, especially developmental theories, in the next module. Which period or stage of development are you in right now? They are the unique experiences of an individual, whether biological or environmental, that shape the development process. So much of what developmental theorists have described in the past has been culturally bound and difficult to apply to various cultural contexts. Contrast this with some developing countries where menstruation is not publicly addressed, or where girls on their period are forced to miss school due to limited access to feminine products or unjust attitudes about menstruation. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development, Crash Course Video #2 Psychological Research, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Development is What are the principles of human behavior? Catalano, R., Berglund, L., Ryan, J., Lonczak, H., & Hawkins, D. (2002). A theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena thatcan be used to make predictions about future observations. As adolescents gain the ability to effectively regulate their actions, they may be forced to sacrifice other features to selectively optimize their reactions. This program sought to promote positive identity and competence by creating a strong bond with a healthy adult. An attempt by researchers has been made to examine whether research on the nature of development suggests a specific metatheoretical worldview. At the University of Chicago, experts are working with low-income families, visiting them at their homes, and encouraging them to speak more to their children on a daily and hourly basis. Is there just one course of development or are there many different courses of development? The notion of plasticity emphasizes that there are many possible developmental outcomes and that the nature of human development is much more open and pluralistic than originally implied by traditional views; there is no single pathway that must be taken in an individuals development across the lifespan. Even the most biological events can be viewed in cultural contexts that are extremely varied. This is not a unique personal history, rather it is a story shared by many members of Henrys cohort. It is often worded as an if-then statement (e.g., if I study all night, I will get a passing grade on the test). Adolescents develop the ability to think logically about the abstract world (and may like to debate matters with adults as they exercise their new cognitive skills!). These findings suggest that cognitive function, particularly memory, can be significantly improved in mature adults with age-related cognitive decline by using brain plasticity-based training methods. Research suggests that these achievement gaps are strongly influenced by differences in socioeconomic factors that exist among the families of these children. Likewise, whether or not development is best viewed as occurring in stages or rather as a gradual and cumulative process of change has traditionally been up for debate a question of continuity versus discontinuity. a. This approach is based on several key principles: Development occurs across one's entire life, or is lifelong. The study of development traditionally focused almost exclusively on the changes occurring from conception to adolescence and the gradual decline in old age; it was believed that the five or six decades after adolescence yielded little to no developmental change at all. He is eager rather than resentful about being thrifty and sees his actions as meaningful contributions to the good of others. Youths in this program improved in school attendance, parental relations, academic performance, and peer emotional support[2]Substance use and problem behaviors were also reported as either prevented or reduced. Learning that occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. That is why it is suggested explicitly by lifespan researchers that a combination of disciplines is necessary to understand development. This belief that our own culture is superior is calledethnocentrismand is a normal by-product of growing up in a culture. What are the 5 stages of lifespan development? Baltes wrote that these three influences operate throughout the life course, their effects accumulate with time, and, as a dynamic package, they are responsible for how lives develop. We are all born with specific genetic traits inherited from our parents, such as eye color, height, and certain personality traits. Baltes wrote that these three influences operate throughout the life course, their effects accumulate with time, and, as a dynamic package, they are responsible for how lives develop. In lifespan development, we need to rely on a systematic approach to understanding behavior, based on observable events and the scientific method. Another context that influences our lives is our social standing, socioeconomic status, or social class. A theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. Development Proceeds from General to Specific 6. If we use the example of puberty again, we can see that certain domains may improve or decline in effectiveness during this time. They are the unique experiences of an individual, whether biological or environmental, that shape the development process. It becomes a roadblock, however, when it inhibits understanding of cultural practices from other societies. Does the description seem accurate? Developmental psychologists study a wide range of . Psychologists Betty Hart and Todd Risley (2006) spent their careers looking at early language ability and progression of children in various income levels. We tend to believe that our own cultures practices and expectations are the right ones. As Henry grows up and has a family of his own, he is motivated by images of success tied to his past experience: he views a successful man as one who can provide for his family financially, who has a wife who stays at home and cares for the children, and children who are respectful but enjoy the luxury of days filled with school and play without having to consider the burdens of societys struggles. Step-by-step explanation Principles of human development state that; Human development is plastic. Mahncke and colleagues developed a brain plasticity-based training program that induced learning in mature adults experiencing age-related decline. To what extent does your cohort shape your values, thoughts, and aspirations? Normative history-graded influences are associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops. Death and dying will be the topic of our second to last module, though it is not necessarily a stage of development that occurs at a particular age. Lifespan developmentinvolves the exploration of biological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes and constancies that occur throughout the entire course of life. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan, such as Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. Rate of Development Varies Person to Person 5. This system consists of all the experiences that a person has had during their lifetime. Course/Section: BSED-ENG 2-1. 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