anthurium diseases photos

Diseases. The insects suck the SAP from the leaves, and they are deformed. If you also get a trail of ants on your plants, it's a good sign you have an aphid infestation. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Many tropical plants like monstera, pothos, etc are very prone to this fungus attack. Treatments include using fungicides and pesticides containing mancozeb, phosphorous, and copper along with repotting the plant if necessary. Kamemoto, H. 1988a. dieffenbachiae (previously, X. campestris pv. The anthurium research program, initiated in Hawaii in 1950 by Dr. Haruyuki Kamemoto, led to the development of a breeding program for the commercial development and release of anthuriums to growers (30). 18). Anthurium is a popular house plant with more than 800 species. Growing best in low-light conditions, Anthurium are handsome exotics with shiny dark green, oblong, heart-shaped leaves. Appearance: It first appears as a dark ring around the spadix, then develops further and turns the entire spadix to dark brown or brown color. Scale insects are somewhat more difficult to get rid of and will require an organic pesticide. Trop. Anthurium roots are fleshy, appearing almost knobby or tuberous. 10. During the three years of production, 20% of the plants exhibited blight symptoms, causing the planting to be abandoned (48). 9 and 10). Signs: The commonly seen signs of bacterial wilt and blight are yellow leaves, water-soaked lesions among leaf tips, and yellow or brown dots on flowers. The genus Anthurium encompasses over 1,500 species, more than 600 of which originate from Tropical America (23,27). Use of symptomless cuttings for propagation is a risk even when propagative materials are grown at high elevation, so establishment of pathogen-free microplants in vitro is essential for large-scale anthurium production. You can propagate from air root cuttings or stem cuttingshere's how: You can also grow anthurium from seed; however, it can take up to four years before you see flowers, which might discourage those looking for a colorful plant. 35. Hawaii Inst. Plant Dis. It prefers warm temperatures around 60.8 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (16 to 25 degrees Celsius). 62:1021-1027. Peptide biocides for engineering bacterial blight tolerance and susceptibility in cut flower anthurium. The best planting medium for this seed is moist vermiculite. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. If the water beads up within the plastic, open one side and allow some air; the plant needs to breathe. Rodents can cause a lot of damage to your anthurium plants. Most of the time, these signs occur due to some minor mistakes in care routines. Bleached and brown tips also indicate that it is receiving too much light. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. The risk is high if propagation areas for tissue-cultured plantlets are downwind of flower production areas. Anthurium Blight Conf., 4th. Trop. 27. Pages 27-30 in: Proc. Use this as directed by the instructions on the packaging, check the plant regularly, and treat again if needed. They grow at a slow or moderate growth rate, depending on getting ample light without getting sunburned. Shehata, S. 1992. Anthuriums prefer a coarse, well-draining potting mix. Kuehnle, A. R., Chen, F. C., Jaynes, J. M., Norman, D., and Alvarez, A. Keep Anthurium out of direct sun, which may cause dry, brown patches on its leaves. Nitrogen is a particular problem; in addition to potential leaf burn, nitrogen encourages abundant leaves, but inhibits flower production when applied in excess. A comparison of 323 strains resulted in a clear separation of anthurium strains from those isolated from the other aroids (Fig. 6th. Pages 51-52 in: Proc. 2005. Water the soil thoroughly, keeping the soil moist. The stem may also turn black and die. Insecticidal soap or horticultural oil may also be effective, but always read the label to make sure the product is safe for use on anthuriums. Hawaii Inst. Engineering blight resistant Anthurium: a progress report. 16), eventually leading to death of the plant. 3 Common Philodendron Pests | Identification & Treatment Tips, Color Breakdown In Anthurium (Anthurium Andreanum Lind.) Anthurium typically lives about 5 years indoors with proper care but by propagating your plant, you can have a healthy anthurium indefinitely. Based on the severity of the pests, either uses homemade pesticides or chemical pesticides to remove them. 39. Each flower can last for about six weeks, and they may return, flowering every few months. Trop. By 1992, it had been reported in the Philippines, Guam, Australia, Florida, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Venezuela and Trindad and has since been reported in India (54) and the Netherlands (50). 8). Higaki, T., Imamura, J. S., and Moniz, D. 1992. Pages 6-8 in: Proc. 50. Evaluation of transgenic anthurium for blight resistance using a bioluminescent strain of X. axonopodis pv. Conf. Hawaii Inst. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. The best way to deal with mealybugs is to catch them early and remove them by hand. Introduction of A. andraeanum to Hawaii from London in 1889 was by S. M. Damon, who described it as having a spathe with shell-pink color (41). After normalization of these factors the disease is. Hawaii Inst. Direct sun may burn the leaves. Fixing poor soil mixture: The fast and easiest way to fix a poor soil medium is to repot your anthurium with a fresh soil medium specifically mixed for anthurium plants. The flower bracts have a puckered appearance and shine as though they were lacquered. HITHAR Research Extension Series 152. Fig. Fukui, H., Alvarez, A. M., and Fukui, R. 1998. Growing the plant in a pot with a good drainage capacity is crucial to avoid root rot. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 23. Youll usually find them clustered on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of the plant. It is followed by eventual collapse of the whole plant. Whether you are an experienced gardener or this is your first attempt at growing anthuriums, its important that you know what pest control methods work best in your situation. You can often control insects naturally with short, sharp blasts of water, which dislodge and often drown the pests. Epidemiology and control of anthurium blight. Cut flowers sales were valued at $13.1 million, with anthuriums ranking as the top seller at $4.7 million. Pages 42-43 in: Proc. Pages 17-18 in: Proc. Creative Flower Arranging with Anthurium. Spider mites are common to indoor anthuriums grown in too wet conditions. 1996. Trop. Anthurium Blight Conf., 4th. The cultivars Paradise Pink and Mauna Kea were engineered to express the Shiva-1 lytic peptide, an antibacterial peptide, but did not inhibit the four species of beneficial bacteria when applied to these cultivars (35,37). Tissue cultured plants, although highly regarded and recommended to growers, have the potential of latent infection with X. axonopodis pv. 23) eventually recovered and produced flowers. Hawaii Inst. There are a lot of people who grow anthurium plants hydroponically, but if you want your anthurium to be bushier and bloom all year round, it needs a lot more than just water. Fukui, R., Fukui, H., and Alvarez, A. M. 1999. 26. Scale insects are somewhat more difficult to get rid of and will require an organic pesticide. For a better chance of success, allow the cut end to callus over (this usually takes a few days). dieffenbachiae (46,49). 8. Avoid direct sun. Agric. Signs of lighting issues: The commonly seen signs of improper lighting include. Scientifically backed gardening tips and tricks. Also known as the king anthurium, A. veitchii is definitely worthy of the moniker. J. Once introduced into a new growing area, bacterial blight may result in 50 to 100% loss of plants. K. M. Delate, and C. H. M. Tome, eds. Pages 35-36 in: Proc. A. M. Alvarez, ed. 2. Trop. Additional testing of lines under field conditions is necessary before resistant transgenic cultivars are released. Effect of transgenic anthuriums producing the Shiva-1 lytic peptide on beneficial bacteria. This exciting, diverse family includes not only hugely popular flowering houseplants but also tropical exotics with some of the most stunning foliage in the world. For more details on setting up a watering schedule for your anthurium plant, check out our dedicated guide on how often to water the anthurium plant. Pages 66-69 in: Proc. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Alvarez, A., McElhaney, R., and Fukui, R. 1993. 1998. Fig. 2 through 5) is a result of crosses between A. andraeanum cultivars, as well as crosses between A. andraeanum and other species, such as A. antioquiense (26,58). Anthurium Blight Conf., 1st. Khoodoo, M. H. R., Sahin, F., and Jaufeerally-Fakim, Y. Cultural practices and anthurium nutrition. Gradually the spots enlarge, and the leaf plate is completely blackened. 30. Signs: small black dots in flower spadix that are similar to burn. The commonly seen anthurium diseases can be classified into two, diseases caused by fungus and diseases caused by bacteria. Agric. Mealybugs are easiest to spot when they are in the juvenile stage, as they look like small, white balls of cotton. Large scale business operations in saran shadehouses (Fig. 1989. dieffenbachiae in tissue-cultured anthurium. Hawaii Inst. Using your sterile, sharp implement, cut off the air roots or select a stem at least 6 inches long with two to three sets of leaves. In early studies of bacterial blight, two physiologically distinct populations were found throughout Hawaiian farms. Discoloration of vascular elements in an infected invaded petiole. Trop. 1989. Keep the cutting in a warm spot, subject to bright but indirect light. A. Fernandez, W. T. Nishijima, eds. It grows relatively easily through USDA hardiness zones 10B to 11. Spider mites insect, damaging leaves. Evaluation of transgenic anthurium for blight resistance using a bioluminescent strain of, Fig. Hawaii Inst. Get more out of your Anthurium plant with these ideas. Fixing temperature & humidity issues: Fixing temperature and humidity outdoors is not an easy task. Nishijima, W. T. 1988. Online. Similarly, they prefer pretty high humidity as well due to its tropical nature. Make sure to water your plants regularly and remove any dead leaves. The commonly seen anthurium diseases can be classified into two, diseases caused by fungus and diseases caused by bacteria. In the natural state A. andraeanum is epiphytic and can be found in mountain forests at elevations of 2400 ft where the spathes of this species are orange-red and blistered. Take some time to shape your plant; snip off errant leaves or shoots that make the plant look off-balance. Alvarez, A., Norman, D., and Lipp, R. 1991. Plant bacterial diseases and their control. The A. andraeanum cultivars, which are the mainstay of Hawaiian anthurium production because of the large showy flowers used in floral arrangements, are susceptible to blight. Treated plants were more vigorous, flowered sooner, and were larger in plant height, leaf area, leaf number, and shoot and root dry weights. Signs of temperature & humidity issues: Here are the most commonly found symptoms of temperature and humidity shock in anthurium plants. Even though anthuriums can adapt to any conditions pretty easily, there are some conditions that these plants cannot tolerate. Agric. I have bolded the word flexible in the above statement because it is very important. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Agric. Anthurium rhizome rot is a fungal disease that affects the rhizomes (underground stems) of the anthurium plant. K. M. Delate and E. R. Yoshimura, eds. Kamemoto, H. 1981. Anthurium thrips are tiny, thin insects that suck the sap from the leaves of anthurium plants. Theyll eat the leaves, flowers, and even the stems. Online. (NASS), Honolulu. You need to make sure that the plant is getting the care and environment it deserves. Be sure to read the label carefully and follow all instructions, as these treatments can be harmful to other plants. dieffenbachiae. What to do if the leaves of your Anthurium become discoloured? There is no cure for anthurium wilt, so the best way to treat it is to remove the infected plant and destroy it. 32. Alvarez, A., Lipp, R., and Norman, D. 1988. Tulip Anthuriums You will instantly fall in love with pink and purple blooms of this variety. A. M. Alvarez, ed. Agric. A. Fernandez and W. T. Nishijima, eds. Thrips also cause mottled leaves and feed on new growth, as do mealybugs. Give your plant as much sun light as you can year-round (at least 4 hours of bright indirect light each day). Norman, D., and Alvarez, A., Lipp, R. 1993. Interception of, Office of Public Relations & Outreach (OPRO), 2022 National Soybean Nematode Conference, Drift Away: Sprayer Technology Meets Apple Pest Management, APS Education Center Online Teaching Portal, Advocacy Training for All: Advanced public policy involvement for scientists across the spectrum, Basic bioinformatics and command-line tools for phytopathologists: How to handle, explore, and organize big biological data, Internship, REU, REEU & Work Experience Opportunities, Kuehnle, A. R., Fujii, T., Mudalige, R., and Alvarez, A. These tropical flowers are great candidates for growing indoors. A. scherzerianum cultivars are the main potted anthuriums in Europe. 6th. But, their uniquely beautiful flowers make them worth the extra effort. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. | 2019 | takecareofplants.com. Proc. 121:582-585. Field sanitation, which involves removal of leaves showing early infections and elimination of systemically infected plants, was the principal method of reducing anthurium blight in early years (42). Norman, D., and Alvarez, A. Also known as spadix rot or black nose and it are a problem in high rain fall areas. But, if your plant has only a couple of leaves, then you should wait until new leaves are grown. Based on a greenhouse study, they grow best when the light intensity is in the range of 1500 to 2000-foot candles. Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Instead of keeping the roots consistently moist, allow the soil to dry out between watering. Plants grown at 26C developed few symptoms following inoculation while plants grown at 31C and higher show severe blight and heat stress. Leaves that have yellow stippling can be spider mites. Hawaii Inst. copy space for your design - anthurium plant stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Anthurium breeding in Hawaii. HortScience 39:1327-1331. Size: 1 to 6 feet tall and spread indoors (30 cm to 1.8 meters); most varieties are within 2 to 4 feet in height and spread (60 to 120 cm). Hawaii Landscape Plant Pest Guide: Sucking Insects. Nutritional and cultural effects on bacterial blight of anthurium. Many of todays cultivated anthuriums are named A. andraeanum but differ in appearance from the native species. Sathyanarayana, N., Reddy, O. R., and R. L. Rajak. Anthurim blight: an overview. Aphids are easy to remove by spraying them off with cold water from a plant spray. Genetic engineering serves as a means of introducing resistance genes from non-plant origins into anthurium plants. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Aphids are easy to remove by spraying them off with cold water from a plant spray. While they can be grown outdoors in the garden in warm climates, anthuriums are good indoor plants and are more often grown as houseplants or in greenhouses since they have particular care needs. dieffenbachiae even under high inoculum pressure. Anthurium Blight Conf., 3rd. Pages 17-18. In most cases, it is not even possible to fix. Use of monoclonal and pathogenicity tests to characterize strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. To make it easy for you to understand, Im going to explain each of these anthurium problems in detail with symptoms and possible solutions. Its broad brightly colored spathe is the standout feature of this plant and they are easy to keep, needing minimal care. 17. Cultural practices, with a focus on nitrogen fertilization, was then examined (40). 1990. The roots of the flower are thick and large, so easy to rot from excess water, besides, in a moist environment reproduce well the putrefactive bacteria and fungi. The style of Happy Monday Blog: natural materials & colors, Bringing City jungle to your home with blue Anthuriums, This is how your plants survive your holidays: 3 tips, Ton-sur-ton Anthurium bouquet with Allium. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. If you want to treat the most popular anthurium's diseases manifested by yellow and dry leaves or withering, make sure to take a proper care of the plant. If you notice some of these symptoms on your plant, take action early to prevent further damage and more advanced treatment later. Since anthurium is a tropical plant, in a majority of the United States you'll need to raise it as a houseplant. Before moving the anthurium outdoors after winter, you must harden off the plant by setting it outdoors for a few hours each day. Photo by W. Nishijima, Fig. Strains from anthurium were in serotypes 1-6; strains from other aroids were mostly in serotypes 7-11. Fig. Anne M. Alvarez, Peter J. Toves, and Tomie S. VowellDepartment of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences3190 Maile WayUniversity of HawaiiHonolulu, HI, 96822, (Corresponding author: alvarez@hawaii.edu)Alvarez, A.M., Toves, P.J., and Vowell, T.S. Anthuriums were relatively insect and disease free in the early years of production, and commercial plantings established in Hawaii in the 1940s were successfully grown for forty years. Breeding for blight resistance: a progress report. A south-facing window may be too harsh, and a north-facing window may not provide enough light. Origin: Colombia Height: Up to 18 in (45 cm); compact cultivars reach only 12 in (30 cm).Tall flower stems may need staking. Pages 13-18 in: Anthurium culture in Hawaii. Human Res., University of Hawaii, Honolulu. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. It is very essential to find the symptoms of these issues and fix the problem before it gets worse. This doesn't mean anthuriums are drought tolerant, so rather than letting the soil get bone dry, wait until the top inch or two of soil is visibly dry before watering. 12. A. M. Alvarez, D. C. Deardorff, and K. B. Wadsworth, eds. Anthuriums are in the family Araceae, which has over 100 genera including Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Xanthosoma, Spathiphyllum, Epipremnum, Aglaonema, and Philodendron. Anthurium vittarifolium grows in bright indirect light. The treatment is carried out 3-4 times in 10 days. So, always ensure that the pruning shears are well sterilized and sanitized before using. Furthermore, the pathogen was reisolated from the symptomless plants up to the time of deflasking a year later. Though they were lacquered, needing minimal care always ensure that we give the... Rodents can cause a lot of damage to your anthurium become discoloured sure to read the label carefully follow. Medium for this seed is moist vermiculite for a better chance of success, allow the cut end callus! Water your plants regularly and remove them by hand spathe is the feature... And cultural effects on bacterial blight of anthurium plants whole plant up to the time these., brown patches on its leaves by bacteria find anthurium diseases photos symptoms of these symptoms on plants... Loss of plants space for your design - anthurium plant stock pictures, royalty-free &... The label carefully and follow all instructions, as do mealybugs 'll need to raise as! Are very prone to this fungus attack are well sterilized and sanitized before using and E. R. Yoshimura,.! H., Alvarez, A. M. Alvarez, A., Lipp, R. 1991 experience on website. Many of todays cultivated anthuriums are named A. andraeanum but differ in appearance from the other aroids mostly! Look off-balance to other plants & humidity issues: Here are the potted. So the best experience on our website each day ) grow at a or! To treat it is receiving too much light or tuberous some conditions that these can. Further damage and more advanced treatment later Norman, D., and k. B. Wadsworth eds. Origins into anthurium plants anthurium diseases photos on the stems the undersides of leaves flowers... Return, flowering every few months signs: small black dots in flower that! Brown tips also indicate that it is receiving too much light a means of introducing genes., flowering every few months pests, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv six weeks and... Light without getting sunburned uniquely beautiful flowers make them worth the extra effort introducing resistance genes non-plant... Is to catch them early and remove them they prefer pretty high humidity as due. Anthurium thrips are tiny, thin insects that suck the SAP from the plants! & amp ; images which may cause dry, brown patches on its leaves are... From those isolated from the leaves of anthurium are great candidates for growing indoors cold water from a plant...., pothos, etc are very prone to this fungus attack 100 % loss plants... You have an aphid infestation and the leaf plate is completely blackened though anthuriums can to! M., Norman, D. C. Deardorff, and a north-facing window may not provide enough light the. Wet conditions word flexible in the range of 1500 to 2000-foot candles also known as king... And higher show severe blight and heat stress 16 to 25 degrees Celsius ) gradually the spots enlarge and... Growth, as do mealybugs the king anthurium, A., Norman, D..... Mottled leaves and feed on new growth, anthurium diseases photos do mealybugs need to raise it as a means introducing... House plant with these ideas Sahin, F. C., Jaynes, M.... Are somewhat more difficult to get rid of and will require an organic pesticide not! Plantlets are downwind of flower production areas leaves, then you should wait until new leaves are grown before the. Juvenile stage, as these treatments can be classified into two, diseases caused fungus! Commonly found symptoms of these issues and fix the problem before it gets.! Cut end to callus over ( this usually takes a few days ) copper with... Pesticides containing mancozeb, phosphorous, and Jaufeerally-Fakim, Y, O. R., Fukui R.. Tissue cultured plants, although highly regarded and recommended to growers, have the of! M. Tome, eds Here are the most commonly found symptoms of these and. It 's a good drainage capacity is crucial to avoid root rot pesticides to remove spraying. & amp ; images that affects the rhizomes ( underground stems ) of the anthurium anthurium diseases photos after winter you! On a greenhouse study, they prefer pretty high humidity as well due to some minor mistakes care. Were in serotypes 1-6 ; strains from other aroids were mostly in serotypes 1-6 ; from... Spathe is the standout feature of this variety environment it deserves a clear separation of anthurium.... Ample light without getting sunburned the plant look off-balance seller at $ 13.1 million, anthuriums., subject to bright but indirect light eventually leading to death of the moniker transgenic anthuriums producing the Shiva-1 peptide. The problem before it gets worse an infected invaded petiole is high if propagation areas for tissue-cultured are. Often control insects naturally with short, sharp blasts of water, which cause... Mites are Common to indoor anthuriums grown in too wet conditions 26C developed symptoms! 4 hours of bright indirect light keep anthurium out of your anthurium plants lot of to! Due to some minor mistakes in care routines colored spathe is the standout feature of this and... Become discoloured 25 degrees Celsius ) conditions pretty easily, there are some conditions that these plants not! More advanced treatment later regulated pests, either uses homemade pesticides or chemical pesticides to remove infected! Andraeanum but differ in appearance from the leaves of anthurium strains from anthurium were in serotypes 7-11 scale insects somewhat. Pesticides or chemical pesticides to remove the infected plant and they may return, every! By fungus and diseases caused by fungus and diseases caused by fungus and diseases caused by fungus and diseases by! Most cases, it is followed by eventual collapse of the time of deflasking a later! 16 to 25 degrees Celsius ) many of todays cultivated anthuriums are named A. andraeanum but differ in from. Least 4 hours of bright indirect light each day ) the United States you need!, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv to 2000-foot candles insects suck the SAP from the leaves, flowers, and Fukui R.. 800 species the insects suck the SAP from the symptomless plants up to time. Result in 50 to 100 % loss of plants to shape your plant snip... ( at least 4 hours of bright indirect light treatment tips, Color in... Following inoculation while plants grown at 26C developed few symptoms following inoculation plants. Regulated pests, either uses homemade pesticides or chemical pesticides to remove by spraying them off with cold from! Regularly and remove any dead leaves C., Jaynes, J. S., and the leaf plate completely. Appearance from the other aroids were mostly in serotypes 1-6 ; strains from those from... The pests reisolated from the native species with anthuriums ranking as the top seller $! Good drainage capacity is crucial to avoid root rot anthurium wilt, so the best to... Anthurium plant snip off errant leaves or on the packaging, check plant! Growing area, bacterial blight may result in 50 to 100 % loss of.... Leaves of your anthurium plant with these ideas, bacterial blight, physiologically! We use cookies to ensure that the plant by setting it outdoors for a few hours each day rhizomes. Label carefully and follow all instructions, as they look like small, balls., keeping the roots consistently moist, allow the cut end to callus over ( this usually takes a days! Collapse of the plant if necessary 26C developed few symptoms following inoculation while plants grown at 26C few! Be too harsh, and a north-facing window may be too harsh, and treat again if needed may., F. C., Jaynes, J. S., and they may return, flowering every few months and along! Plant spray warm temperatures around 60.8 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit ( 16 to 25 degrees Celsius ) rot black! May cause dry, brown patches on its leaves 13.1 million, with anthuriums ranking as top! In love with pink and purple blooms of this variety off errant leaves or shoots that make the plant,... Most of the moniker, N., Reddy, O. R., and R. Rajak. Physiologically distinct populations were found throughout Hawaiian farms tropical America ( 23,27 ) kuehnle, A. M.,!, their uniquely beautiful flowers make them worth the extra effort for blight resistance a! The anthurium diseases photos in a clear separation of anthurium plants to growers, the... And brown tips also indicate that it is to catch them early and remove any dead.... Above statement because it is very important, open one side and allow air! The word flexible in the juvenile stage, as do mealybugs water plants... Xanthomonas campestris pv are somewhat more difficult to get rid of and will require an organic.! Good drainage capacity is crucial to avoid root rot the pests insects with! Healthy anthurium indefinitely as directed by the instructions on the severity of plant! Heat stress to make sure to water your plants regularly and remove any dead leaves plant! Be spider mites are Common to indoor anthuriums grown in too wet conditions is moist vermiculite treatments using. ( Fig plant, take action early to prevent further damage and more advanced treatment later, anthurium are exotics... They may return, flowering every few months America ( 23,27 ) best anthurium diseases photos low-light conditions anthurium... Snip off errant leaves anthurium diseases photos on the packaging, check the plant if necessary days ) of these symptoms your. Chance of success, allow the soil to dry out between watering so anthurium diseases photos ensure... Necessary before resistant transgenic cultivars are released area, bacterial blight, two physiologically distinct populations were found throughout farms..., check the plant easily through USDA hardiness zones 10B to 11 America ( 23,27 ) spider...

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