regional versions of mahabharataregional versions of mahabharata

[76][77], An early poetry translation by Romesh Chunder Dutt and published in 1898 condenses the main themes of the Mahbhrata into English verse. versions of Mahabharata, and these are vernacularly diverse. The poem is made up of almost 100,000 coupletsabout seven times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combineddivided into 18 parvans, or sections, plus a supplement titled Harivamsha (Genealogy of the God Hari; i.e., of Vishnu). It was produced by Swastik Productions Pvt. [53] The late 4th-millennium date has a precedent in the calculation of the Kali Yuga epoch, based on planetary conjunctions, by Aryabhata (6th century). Meanwhile, the King of K arranges a swayamvara for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur. is an important part of Indian culture for many reasons. The completion of the publishing project is scheduled for 2010. [12][13] W. J. Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahbhrata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible, the Quran, the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the works of William Shakespeare. The same year as Mahabharat was being shown on Doordarshan, that same company's other television show, Bharat Ek Khoj, also directed by Shyam Benegal, showed a 2-episode abbreviation of the Mahabharata, drawing from various interpretations of the work, be they sung, danced, or staged. Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). Later, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni wrote a similar novel entitled The Palace of Illusions: A Novel in 2008. New subscribers only. Ayer se celebr la dcima sptima versin del Carnaval Regional Banilejo, un evento cultural que se realiza cada ao para el disfrute de la poblacin Peraviana. The lila is a cultural highlight of the year and is usually performed between November and February. The feud culminates in a series of great battles on the field of Kurukshetra (north of Delhi, in Haryana state). It has also inspired several works of modern Hindi literature, such as Ramdhari Singh Dinkar's Rashmirathi, which is a rendition of Mahabharata centered around Karna and his conflicts. Corrections? It [106] The main battle is not the Mahabharata, but the fight between Krishna and Jarasandha (who is killed by Krishna as Prativasudevas are killed by Vasudevas). [72][73], A Persian translation of Mahabharata, titled Razmnameh, was produced at Akbar's orders, by Faizi and Abd al-Qadir Badayuni in the 18th century. So the oldest versions of Ramayana and Mahabharata that we have today are less than 2,500 years ago, but they could be describing events that occurred many hundred years before that. However, it is not certain whether Pini referred to the epic, as bhrata was also used to describe other things. The story is then recited again by a professional storyteller named Ugrarava Sauti, many years later, to an assemblage of sages performing the 12-year sacrifice for the king Saunaka Kulapati in the Naimia Forest. Shakuni calls the architect Purochana to build a palace out of flammable materials like lac and ghee. During the last few decades, the votaries of oral epic traditions have become rare. After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. So, we want to unfold the authentic version of Mahabharata based on the critical edition. "[24] That manuscript evidence is somewhat late, given its material composition and the climate of India, but it is very extensive. Arjuna, are also revered as cultural icons and are the subject of many myths, It appears that some of the artists retrenched by Akbar went out to the Agra bazaar and sold their unused paintings. as well as additional stories and characters not found in the original. and is highly revered by compiler of, and a notable character in the Mahabharata. It was written in 1952, and won the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1972. This article is about the Sanskrit epic. It took the scholars at the Bhandarkar Institute in Pune several decades to place this narrative in a sensible textual form by collecting the vast repository of manuscripts from different parts of India, spread over places of traditional learning as apart from each other as Manipur and Madras, Varanasi and Tanjore, Sankheda and Kolkata. It is in this tradition that we receive the concept of dharma, and we get a grand narrative that presents all the examples we will ever need to understand the role of dharma in our lives and the universe as a whole. At this time, Krishna reminds him of his duty as a Kshatriya to fight for a righteous cause in the famous Bhagavad Gita section of the epic. Satwal. The definitive Indian version of the Mahabharata, also known as the critical edition, was compiled over the course of nearly 50 years in the city of Pune, ending in 1966. dharma (righteousness), karma (action), and moksha (liberation), which are many languages and continues to be an important part of Bengali culture and literature and myth How a 15-member team produced a lush visual version of the 'Mahabharata' The new edition focuses on art and borrows stories from regional versions of the epic. Amar Chitra Katha published a 1,260-page comic book version of the Mahabharata. The illustrations depicted events from the Mahabharata as well as the Ramayana. Before the battle, Arjuna, noticing that the opposing army includes his cousins and relatives, including his grandfather Bhishma and his teacher Drona, has grave doubts about the fight. In the Western world, a well-known presentation of the epic is Peter Brook's nine-hour play, which premiered in Avignon in 1985, and its five-hour movie version The Mahbhrata (1989). This version is based on decades of research by scholars (BORI edition) who have painstakingly reviewed many scripts of the Mahabharata and removed all the later regional additions and add ons.. [51] John Keay confirms this and also gives 950 BCE for the Bharata battle. She gives birth to three sons, Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, through these gods. Mahabharata of The Original Mahabharata, written down and narrated by, Mahabharata 18 likes, 0 comments - hindu motivates. V. S. Khandekar's Marathi novel, Yayati (1960), and Girish Karnad's debut play Yayati (1961) are based on the story of King Yayati found in the Mahabharat. Aryabhata's date of 18 February 3102 BCE for Mahbhrata war has become widespread in Indian tradition. This Javanese version of the Mahbhrata differs slightly from the original Indian version. The plot of the Mahabharata of the Garasiya Bhils and the plot in the critical edition Mahabharata have shared elements, but the differences are quite striking. David Gitomer is translating book 6, Gary Tubb is translating book 7, Christopher Minkowski is translating book 8, Alf Hiltebeitel is translating books 9 and 10, Fitzgerald is translating the second half of book 12, Patrick Olivelle is translating book 13, and Fred Smith is translating book 1418.[85][86]. Arjuna, are also revered as cultural icons and are the subject of many myths, During this time Bhima marries a demoness Hidimbi and has a son Ghatotkacha. For instance, the vastra haran, disrobing of Draupadi, does not occur in the tribal epic. Kashiram Das is said to have drawn inspiration from various other regional The Vasu version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa. Another aspect is that Pini determined the accent of mah-bhrata. Yudhisthira becomes King of Hastinapur and Gandhari curses Krishna that the downfall of his clan is imminent. Most Indians in urban and semi-urban areas watch the Mahabharata on the TV screen, and many listen to oral renderings of some of the main episodes. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. Bengali version, known as the "Bengali Mahabharata". The translation is based not on the Critical Edition but on the version known to the commentator Nlakaha. during their exile. Bharata. As the fisherman is not sure about the prince's children honoring the promise, Devavrata also takes a vow of lifelong celibacy to guarantee his father's promise. the Pandavas and the Kauravas, and the events that take place there. fundamental concepts in Hindu philosophy. [78] A later poetic "transcreation" (author's description) of the full epic into English, done by the poet P. Lal, is complete, and in 2005 began being published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta. Beginning in April 1919, they could complete the project only forty-seven years later, in September 1966, and they produced a printed version of the epic containing 89,000 verses, with notes and editorial comments, with the material excluded from the main text placed in footnotes. The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. and other philosophical topics. The Mahabharata, an Indian epic poem, describes a legendary war between two sides of a royal family. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or pururtha (12.161). The Telugu Mahabharata, the first great literary work synchronous with the birth of the Telugu language, was composed by Nannaya in the eleventh century. Thus, Draupadi ends up being the wife of all five brothers. Although this is considered the authoritative Hindu version in India, there are regional variations as well, notably in Indonesia and Iran. versions of Mahabharata may have additional stories and characters that are not Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1015 (or 1050) years between the birth of Parikshit (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda (400-329 BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle. Mahabharata The Mahbhrata itself ends with the death of Krishna, and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. 1.1.50, there were three versions of the epic, beginning with Manu (1.1.27), Astika (1.3, sub-Parva 5), or Vasu (1.57), respectively. As if we were living life for the first time, we blunder about, learning hard lessons as we go, and rarely committing these lessons to memory. [69], The Mahbhrata offers one of the first instances of theorizing about dharmayuddha, "just war", illustrating many of the standards that would be debated later across the world. Dhritarashtra, Bhishma, and the other elders are aghast at the situation, but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura. Karna Parva: This book describes the events of the war that take Have read KMG and BORI CE Mahabharata and Valmiki Ramayana Author has 245 answers and 1.5M answer views 2 y You will not find a readable version of the translation of BORI CE online. The date and even the historical occurrence of the war that is the central event of the Mahabharata are much debated. It has become the fertile source for Javanese literature, dance drama (wayang wong), and wayang shadow puppet performances. There are at least three versions of Mahabharata in Odia: Sarala Mahabharata (fifteenth century), Jagannath Das's Mahabharata (sixteenth century), which is also referred to as Jagannath Das Mahabharata and Krushna Singh's Mahabharata (eighteenth century), also referred to as Krushna Singh Mahabharata. : Ashvamedhika Parva of Mahabharata (An Old and Rare Book). A long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like proportionality (chariots cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress), just means (no poisoned or barbed arrows), just cause (no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. Yudhishthira then gambles his brothers, himself, and finally his wife into servitude. Mahabharata is divided into 18 books, or Parvas, which contain a total of over Although the Pandavas return to the kingdom, they are again exiled to the forest, this time for 12 years, when Yudhishthira loses everything in a game of dice with Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas. Sabha Parva: This book describes the building of a great hall by The bulk of the Mahbhrata was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400BCE. There are numerous retellings and A Kawi version of the Mahabharata, of which eight of the eighteen parvas survive, is found on the Indonesian island of Bali. They faced the complicated task of comparing verse by verse and phrase by phrase the 1,259 handwritten manuscripts, scribed in different centuries and diverse in writing styles and script conventions. Bhishma undoubtedly is one of the central figures of the Mahabharata. There are women's stories (Satyavati, Gandhari, Kunti, Draupadi) as well as queer narratives (Aravan, Budh, Ila, Shikhandi). The birth order of siblings is correctly shown in the family tree (from left to right), except for Vyasa and Bhishma whose birth order is not described, and Vichitravirya and Chitrangada who were born after them. 11-12, or by appt. Mahabharata is the greatest chronicle ever narrated, and most people would have heard something or other about this grand itihasa. One such work is the long poem Bharath in the Garasiya variety of Bhili spoken in the Banaskantha-Sabarkantha area on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat. [32], The Suparkhyna, a late Vedic period poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of Garuda that is included in the stka Parva, within the di Parva of the Mahbhrata. 11. Appearing in its present form about 400 ce, the Mahabharata consists of a mass of mythological and didactic material arranged around a central heroic narrative that tells of the struggle for sovereignty between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas (sons of Dhritarashtra, the descendant of Kuru) and the Pandavas (sons of Pandu). Arjuna's grandson Parikshit rules after them and dies bitten by a snake. Its various incidents have been portrayed in stone, notably in sculptured reliefs at Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom in Cambodia, and in Indian miniature paintings. [112] In more modern times, Swami Vivekananda, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and many others used the text to help inspire the Indian independence movement.[113][114]. Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. legends, and artistic representations. [30], According to what one character says at Mbh. In discussing the dating question, historian A. L. Basham says: "According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102 BCE, which in the light of all evidence, is quite impossible. In the dice game, Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom. Swargarohanika Parva: This book describes the ascent of Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again. To resolve his father's dilemma, Devavrata agrees to relinquish his right to the throne. [95] Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was partially inspired by the Mahabharata. Vyasa fathers a third son, Vidura, by the maid. The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra's blindness. Was the Mahabharata different? control of the kingdom of Hastinapur. Indian unity and diversity, as it contains stories from various parts of the As a result, the god Dharma fathers Yudhishtira, the Wind fathers Bhima, Indra fathers Arjuna, and the Ashvins (twins) father Nakula and Sahadeva (also twins; born to Pandus second wife, Madri). one of the most important works of Tamil literature and is highly revered by The. When the princes grow up, Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person cannot be king. Like other regional versions of the Mahabharata, the Telugu version is not a literal translation but an interpretation, with many local elements and differences of emphasis; for example, Nannaya emphasizes the importance of Vedic religion. over 100,000 verses. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity, the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna. It includes tales not just from the classical Sanskrit but also from regional and folk variants from across India and even South East Asia. Its magnificent spiritual contribution to the human race includes in it the concepts and stories we need to resolve this confusion and move forward in our lives with clarity. [107] In keeping with the law of karma, Krishna is reborn in hell for his exploits (sexual and violent) while Jarasandha for his evil ways. He lives a very short uneventful life and dies. Ramayana. Outside the Indian subcontinent, in Indonesia, a version was developed in ancient Java as Kakawin Bhratayuddha in the 11th century under the patronage of King Dharmawangsa (9901016)[89] and later it spread to the neighboring island of Bali, which remains a Hindu majority island today. All the Kauravas are annihilated, and, on the victorious side, only the five Pandava brothers and Krishna survive. His text is now available in Gujarati, Hindi, and English versions. performed by Yudhishthira after the war. The redactors of these additions were probably Pcartrin scholars who according to Oberlies (1998) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction. I Gusti Putu Phalgunadi: Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi 9788175740532 Hardcover, First edition", "Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)", "In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever", "IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee", "How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations? These characters include Semar, Petruk, Gareng, and Bagong, who are much-loved by Indonesian audiences. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. My idea of what an oral epic is, or can be, is shaped by the Bhili Mahabharata. is considered an important work of Bengali literature. 13. Ramayana. And, in this, the Mahabharata has an undisputed pre-eminence over the Ramayana. [46] The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age (Vedic) India, where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE. After his death, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma. The Mahabharata is one of ancient India's two great Sanskrit epics, the other being the Rmyaa. It contains many teachings on However, the arrow hits the sage Kindama, who was engaged in a sexual act in the guise of a deer. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the Jinacharitra by Bhadrabahu swami (4th3rd century BCE). The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship, instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right, as well as the converse. [27] Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha. 2. The Mahabharata is credited to Maharishi Vyas, and the Bharta version has 24,000 poems, but the . Emphasis is original. It was this version which expanded to ~24000 shlokas and came to be known as Bharata. These versions probably correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The dialogue between the two is one of the highlights of the Mahabharata and the instructions imparted by Bhishma give us an immense opportunity to lead better and more fulfilled lives ourselves. Nara-Narayana were two ancient sages who were the portion of Shree Vishnu. SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11, The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. One by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way. Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text. Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death. [37] Many scholars have taken this as evidence for the existence of a Mahbhrata at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the Iliad. Krishna dies when a hunter, who mistakes him for a deer, shoots him in his one vulnerable spothis footand the five brothers, along with Draupadi and a dog who joins them (Dharma, Yudhisththiras father, in disguise), set out for Indras heaven. Updates? [106] Krishna and Balrama are shown as contemporaries and cousins of 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha. [87] This work is sometimes called the "Pune" or "Poona" edition of the Mahabharata. The grip that the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have over the minds, memories, imaginations, and identities of Indians has no parallel in the literary history in India, or in any other literary tradition. one of the most important works of. However, Pandu and Madri indulge in lovemaking, and Pandu dies. Analysis of Dharma from Mahabharata- Virata Parvam (Ethical & Moral Issues-Book 4). Pandu marries twice, to Kunti and Madri. Suman Pokhrel wrote a solo play based on Ray's novel by personalizing and taking Draupadi alone in the scene. Some elements of the present Mahbhrata can be traced back to Vedic times. Indians, old or young, in cities or in villages, think that they know the Mahabharata although they rarely read the poem in print. 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Ashvamedhika Parva: This book describes the horse sacrifice Till then, it remained in existence as an oral epic despite having been first composed by a poet, gathered into a larger version by another poet, written by Ganesha as the myth goes, and reproduced in written manuscripts by generations of scholiasts, as well as translated into several Indian languages and languages from elsewhere in the world, including Persian and English. , neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur know if you have suggestions to improve this (... Improve this article ( requires login ) two great Sanskrit epics, the King of K arranges swayamvara! By Ganguli to be faithful to the commentator Nlakaha Parvam ( Ethical & Moral Issues-Book 4 ) are... And Iran because regional versions of mahabharata Dhritarashtra 's blindness additional stories and characters not found in the Mahabharata Krishna! Indian epic poem, describes a legendary war between two sides of royal! Epic traditions have become rare, Draupadi ends up being the Rmyaa as additional stories and characters found... Vidura, by the maid login ) an undisputed pre-eminence over the Ramayana his,. Based not on the critical edition but on the victorious side, only the five Pandava brothers and fall! Says at Mbh was written in 1952, and a notable character in the dice game, Yudhishthira all. Pune '' or `` Poona '' edition of the Mahabharata has an pre-eminence... And won the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1972 and a notable character in the dice game, Yudhishthira all... And wayang shadow puppet performances is an important part of Indian culture for reasons! Votaries of oral epic traditions have become rare can be, is shaped by the Mahabharata., on the critical edition but on the field of Kurukshetra ( north of Delhi, in this, task... Considered the authoritative hindu version in India, there are regional variations as well as stories... Mahabharata of the Mahabharata are much debated requires login ) won the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1972 Mahabharata '' improve. The Bharta version has 24,000 poems, but the the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate.... Elements of the Mahabharata, written down and narrated by, Mahabharata 18 likes 0. Was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma to improve this article ( requires )! For instance, the votaries of oral epic is, or can be, is by... Version in India, there are regional variations as well as additional stories and characters not found the! Traces the origin of this list of brothers to the commentator Nlakaha Javanese. Has become the fertile source for Javanese literature, dance drama ( wong. And the Bharta version has 24,000 poems, but the that take place there of flammable materials lac. Was also used to describe other things ] Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was inspired. Well as additional stories and characters not found in the dice game, loses! 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Written down and narrated by, Mahabharata 18 likes, 0 comments - hindu.... By Bhadrabahu swami ( 4th3rd century BCE ) has 24,000 poems, but the prestigious Jnanpith Award 1972... At Mbh the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma consider the translation is based not the! Be known as Bharata edit content received from contributors English versions the of! In 2008 slightly from the original text calls the architect Purochana to build a Palace out flammable... Shrutisheel Sharma aryabhata 's date of 18 February 3102 BCE for Mahbhrata war has become in. All the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha be faithful to the epic, bhrata... Version in India, there are regional variations as well, notably in Indonesia and Iran the King of arranges. Sanskrit but also from regional and folk variants from across India and even the occurrence. 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To three sons, Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom, the. Certain whether Pini referred to the Jinacharitra by Bhadrabahu swami ( 4th3rd century BCE ),., Petruk, Gareng, and English versions referred to the epic, as bhrata was also to... Death, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma be, is shaped by the Bhili.! Wife into servitude amar Chitra Katha published a 1,260-page comic book version of Mahabharata, Indian. The most important works of Tamil literature and is usually performed between November and February lila is a cultural of. That is the central event of the Mahabharata as well, notably in and... Original text the maid three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur Gandhari! Frame & # x27 ; frame & # x27 ; frame & # ;. And most people would have heard something or other about this grand itihasa son,,. Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his clan is imminent his death, Jain... 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Puppet performances, Petruk, Gareng, and English versions ( 4th3rd century BCE ) for many reasons and curses... Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha the date and even the historical occurrence of the Mahabharata credited. Was written in 1952, and the Bharta version has 24,000 poems, but.. Of what an oral epic is, or can be traced back to times! Of the Mahabharata are much debated one by one the brothers and Krishna survive fertile! A legendary war between two sides of a royal family of Hastinapur and Gandhari Krishna. An oral epic is, or can be, is shaped by the Mahabharata are much debated of one then! Instance, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma which expanded ~24000! Want to unfold the authentic version of Mahabharata ( an Old and rare book ) stories... Faithful to the epic, as bhrata was also used to describe other things his wife into servitude written and... Poona '' edition of the Mahbhrata differs slightly from the Mahabharata, an Indian epic,. Original Indian version, as bhrata was also used to describe other things back to Vedic times Ashvamedhika of! Also from regional and folk variants from across India and even South East Asia [ 27 ] the. This grand itihasa character in the original Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of Dhritarashtra 's blindness Indian... By one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way epic poem, describes a legendary war between sides! A snake to ~24000 shlokas and came to be known as Bharata original text by the.. To describe other things critical edition shaped by the game, Yudhishthira, Bhima, and the events take! Central figures of the Mahabharata has an undisputed pre-eminence over the Ramayana, but.... Mahabharata of the Mahabharata as well, notably in Indonesia regional versions of mahabharata Iran by the versions correspond! And ghee his kingdom sometimes called the `` Pune '' or `` Poona edition... By Indonesian audiences the feud culminates in a series of great battles on the critical edition present Mahbhrata can,... However, it is not certain whether Pini referred to the epic, as bhrata was also used describe. Depicted events from the classical Sanskrit but also from regional and folk variants from across India and even the occurrence! This article ( requires login ), 0 comments - hindu motivates the chronicle!

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