d. the same thing A) S B) O C) F D) N Ans:A Category:Easy Section:11.2 14. To describe the intermolecular forces in liquids. A ) i o n i c B ) p o l a r c o v a l e n t C ) n o n p o l a r c o v a l e n t A n s : A C a t e g o r y : M e d i u m S e c t i o n : 9 . The answer lies in the highly polar nature of the bonds between hydrogen and very electronegative elements such as O, N, and F. The large difference in electronegativity results in a large partial positive charge on hydrogen and a correspondingly large partial negative charge on the O, N, or F atom. b. have highly ordered structures Everything you need to know about how to rank molecules according to which one has the higher boiling point (without looking it up) is in this article. h|g CJ UVaJ "j h|g h|g B*EHUph jf5(M These result in much higher boiling points than are observed for substances in which London dispersion forces dominate, as illustrated for the covalent hydrides of elements of groups 1417 in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\). The area of the welded member shown is composed of a 4-inch-diameter standard weight pipe and four angles L 212212142 \frac{1}{2} \times 2 \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{4}22122141. The number of lone electron pairs in the N2 molecule is ___. Of the compounds that can act as hydrogen bond donors, identify those that also contain lone pairs of electrons, which allow them to be hydrogen bond acceptors. B) trigonal pyramidal. Argon and N2O have very similar molar masses (40 and 44 g/mol, respectively), but N2O is polar while Ar is not. Ans:E Category:Medium Section:10.1 6. Small nonpolar molecules Category:Medium Section:9.8 45. h|g CJ UVaJ h>* B*ph j h>* B*Uph h' h>* H*h>* h h CJ$ aJ$ h>* CJ$ aJ$ @ c L | } , W h i c h o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i o n i c s o l i d s w o u l d h a v e t h e l a r g e s t l a t t i c e e n e r g y ? e. both independent of temperature, Some things take longer to cook at high altitudes than at low altitudes because __________. A) Li B) Cs C) P D) As E) Ge Ans:C Category:Medium Section:9.5 17. A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 Ans:E Category:Medium Section:9.4 28. The number of pi bonds in the molecule below is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 9 Ans:C Category:Medium Section:10.5 26. The effect is most dramatic for water: if we extend the straight line connecting the points for H2Te and H2Se to the line for period 2, we obtain an estimated boiling point of 130C for water! Large intermolecular forces in a substance are manifested by __________. a. have their particles arranged randomly d. is highly cohesive e. 2and4, The predominant intermolecular force in CaBr2 is __________. To demonstrate this, at sea level, water will boil at 100 C, but in La Paz, Bolivia (elevation 11,942 feet), water boils at about 87C. Although CH bonds are polar, they are only minimally polar. Indicate all the types of intermolecular forces of attraction in CF4(g). There are two additional types of electrostatic interaction that you are already familiar with: the ionion interactions that are responsible for ionic bonding, and the iondipole interactions that occur when ionic substances dissolve in a polar substance such as water. A) CH4 B) Cl2 C) Kr D) CH3Cl E) N2 Ans:D Category:Medium Section:11.2 7. h|g CJ UVaJ h>* B*OJ QJ ^J ph h>* H*h>* B*H*ph "j 5 J A n s : C C a t e g o r y : M e d i u m S e c t i o n : 1 1 . Imagine the implications for life on Earth if water boiled at 130C rather than 100C. Acetic acid and acetone are molecules based on two carbons. c. Large nonpolar molecules Consequently, N 2 O should have a higher boiling point. Which of the following substances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure? 2 1 2 . A) ethanol, bp = 78C. h|g h|g B*EHUph jj5(M b. directly proportional to one another b. high boiling point 5 2 4 . Calculate the amount of heat that must be absorbed by 10.0 g of ice at 20C to convert it to liquid water at 60.0C. I have a background in water treatment, having worked for companies that serve a variety of solutions for industrial and commercial heating and cooling systems. > }  | j k l m [ y W bjbj D { { g ` | | 8 " $ f. Z ( ] ] ] %- '- '- '- '- '- '- $ ^/ 2 K- ] ] ] ] ] K- . According to VSEPR theory, which one of the following molecules should be nonlinear? Consequently, HO, HN, and HF bonds have very large bond dipoles that can interact strongly with one another. C l a s s i f y t h e C a C l b o n d i n C a C l 2 a s i o n i c , p o l a r c o v a l e n t , o r n o n p o l a r c o v a l e n t . Which one of the following molecules has an atom with an incomplete octet? Hydrogen bonds are especially strong dipoledipole interactions between molecules that have hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom, such as O, N, or F. The resulting partially positively charged H atom on one molecule (the hydrogen bond donor) can interact strongly with a lone pair of electrons of a partially negatively charged O, N, or F atom on adjacent molecules (the hydrogen bond acceptor). In nuclear fission, a nucleus of uranium-238, which contains 92 protons, can divide into two smaller spheres, each having 46 protons and a radius of 5.9010155.90 \times 10 - 155.901015 m. What is the magnitude of the repulsive electric force pushing the two spheres apart? Thus a substance such as \(\ce{HCl}\), which is partially held together by dipoledipole interactions, is a gas at room temperature and 1 atm pressure. The bridging hydrogen atoms are not equidistant from the two oxygen atoms they connect, however. Bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up, which would be lethal for most aquatic creatures. Ans:A Category:Medium Section:11.8 26. d. critical temperatures and pressures Molecules with hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms such as O, N, and F (and to a much lesser extent, Cl and S) tend to exhibit unusually strong intermolecular interactions. The F S F bond angles in SF6 are A) 90 and 180 B) 109.5 C) 120 D) 180 E) 90 and 120 Ans:A Category:Medium Section:10.1 18. According to the VSEPR theory, the molecular geometry of ammonia is A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal Ans:E Category:Medium Section:10.1 12. Given: specific heat (ice) = 2.1 J/gC; specific heat (wa t e r ) = 4 . 0 k J / m o l . Butter melts over a range of temperature, rather than with a sharp melting point. Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule. Which of the elements listed below is most likely to exhibit an expanded octet in its compounds? Because each water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs, a tetrahedral arrangement maximizes the number of hydrogen bonds that can be formed. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound? b. a long range repeating pattern of atoms, molecules, or ions, The unit cell with all sides the same length and all angles equal to 90 that has lattice points only at the corners is called __________. The geometry of the CS2 molecule is best described as A) linear. A . C) dispersion forces. According to VSEPR theory, which one of the following molecules should have a geometry that is trigonal bipyramidal? Indicate all the types of intermolecular forces of attraction in SF6(g). Given the following liquids and their boiling points, which has the highest vapor pressure at its normal boiling point? 5 2 2 . Which one of the following molecules has a non-zero dipole moment? Write the Lewis structure of boron trifluoride. What fraction of the volume of each corner atom is actually within the volume of a face-centered cubic unit cell? Ans: 31 sigma bonds and 4 pi bonds (18 sigma, 4 pi) Category:Medium Section:10.5 28. Of the two butane isomers, 2-methylpropane is more compact, and n-butane has the more extended shape. Which statements about viscosity are true? Melting and Boiling Points, Densities and Solubility for Inorganic Compounds in Water: How Can You Determine If a Molecule Has a Higher Boiling Point? These interactions become important for gases only at very high pressures, where they are responsible for the observed deviations from the ideal gas law at high pressures. The substance with the weakest forces will have the lowest boiling point. The molecular property related to the ease with which the electron density in a neutral atom or molecule can be distorted is called A) a dipole moment. A) KF B) CaCl2 C) SF4 D) Al2O3 E) CaSO4 Ans:C Category:Easy Section:9.4 7. Vapor Pressure and Water: How Can You Determine If a Molecule Has a Higher Boiling Point? A) D) B) E) C) Ans:E Category:Medium Section:9.6 31. 8 2 8 . Electrostatic interactions are strongest for an ionic compound, so we expect NaCl to have the highest boiling point. The predicted order is thus as follows, with actual boiling points in parentheses: He (269C) < Ar (185.7C) < N2O (88.5C) < C60 (>280C) < NaCl (1465C). The most significant intermolecular force for this substance would be dispersion forces. If the mole fractions of helium and argon are 0.25 and 0.35, respectively, how many molecules of methane are present? For example, part (b) in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) shows 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane) and n-pentane, both of which have the empirical formula C5H12. The net effect is that the first atom causes the temporary formation of a dipole, called an induced dipole, in the second. Give the number of lone pairs around the central atom and the molecular geometry of XeF4. The substance with the weakest forces will have the lowest boiling point. 0 C t o s t e a m a t 1 0 0 C ? h|g CJ UVaJ h>* OJ QJ ^J h>* B*OJ QJ ^J ph "j&. B R E E 4 2 + D ) C a 2 + E ) C a A n s : D C a t e g o r y : M e d i u m S e c t i o n : 9 . A hydrogen bond is usually indicated by a dotted line between the hydrogen atom attached to O, N, or F (the hydrogen bond donor) and the atom that has the lone pair of electrons (the hydrogen bond acceptor). On average, the two electrons in each He atom are uniformly distributed around the nucleus. A) NF3 B) H2O C) AsCl3 D) GeH4 E) BF3 Ans:E Category:Medium Section:9.9 38. a. inversely proportional to one another Dipoledipole interactions arise from the electrostatic interactions of the positive and negative ends of molecules with permanent dipole moments; their strength is proportional to the magnitude of the dipole moment and to 1/r3, where r is the distance between dipoles. A) H2O B) BF3 C) Cl2 D) SiH4 E) Ar. In small atoms such as He, the two 1s electrons are held close to the nucleus in a very small volume, and electronelectron repulsions are strong enough to prevent significant asymmetry in their distribution. The structure of liquid water is very similar, but in the liquid, the hydrogen bonds are continually broken and formed because of rapid molecular motion. B R E E 4 2 E ) E M B E D E q u a t i o n . The CO bond dipole therefore corresponds to the molecular dipole, which should result in both a rather large dipole moment and a high boiling point. Polar covalent bonds behave as if the bonded atoms have localized fractional charges that are equal but opposite (i.e., the two bonded atoms generate a dipole). In this section, we explicitly consider three kinds of intermolecular interactions. In contrast, the hydrides of the lightest members of groups 1517 have boiling points that are more than 100C greater than predicted on the basis of their molar masses. The Lewis dot symbol for the calcium ion is A) EMBED Equation.BREE42+ B) C a C ) E M B E D E q u a t i o n . a. C2Br6 b. C2F6 c. C2I6 d. C2Cl6 e. C2H6, What is the predominant intermolecular force in CBr4? d. 2and2 Which property of water allows a razor blade to float on it without sinking? The disruptive force of molecules bumping into each other allows them to overcome the attraction that they have for the molecules beside them. Molecules with net dipole moments tend to align themselves so that the positive end of one dipole is near the negative end of another and vice versa, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1a}\). These arrangements are more stable than arrangements in which two positive or two negative ends are adjacent (Figure \(\PageIndex{1c}\)). Interactions between these temporary dipoles cause atoms to be attracted to one another. The predicted order is . d. Large polar molecules Which one of the following is most likely to be a covalent compound? dimethyl sulfoxide (boiling point = 189.9C) > ethyl methyl sulfide (boiling point = 67C) > 2-methylbutane (boiling point = 27.8C) > carbon tetrafluoride (boiling point = 128C). C a l c u l a t e t h e a m o u n t o f h e a t n e e d e d t o m e l t 2 . The boiling point of butane is close to 0 degrees Celsius, whereas the higher boiling point of butanone (79.6 degrees Celsius) can be explained by the shape of the molecule, which creates an attractive force . Which of the following species has the largest dipole moment (i.e., is the most polar)? C) molecular crystal. The attractive energy between two ions is proportional to 1/r, whereas the attractive energy between two dipoles is proportional to 1/r6. c. They flow and are compressible. Write a Lewis structure for the nitrate ion, NO3, showing all non-zero formal charges. C3H8 or CH3OCH3 Ans: CH3OCH3 Category:Medium Section:11.2 37. Consequently, even though their molecular masses are similar to that of water, their boiling points are significantly lower than the boiling point of water, which forms four hydrogen bonds at a time. The first compound, 2-methylpropane, contains only CH bonds, which are not very polar because C and H have similar electronegativities. Similarly, solids melt when the molecules acquire enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular forces that lock them into place in the solid. W h a t t y p e o f c h e m i c a l b o n d h o l d s t h e a t o m s t o g e t h e r w i t h i n a w a t e r m o l e c u l e ? Ans: dispersion Category:Medium Section:11.2 35. How many atoms are there per unit cell? According to the VSEPR theory, the molecular geometry of beryllium chloride is A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal Ans:A Category:Medium Section:10.1 9. How many sigma bonds and pi bonds are contained in a ibuprofen molecule? The total number of bonding electrons in a molecule of formaldehyde (H2CO) is A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 18 Ans:D Category:Medium Section:9.6 29. s p e c i f i c h e a t o f i c e : 2 . A) H2S B) HCN C) BF3 D) H2CO E) SO2 Ans:B Category:Medium Section:10.1 13. Ans: dipole-dipole and dispersion Category:Medium Section:11.2 32. Instead, each hydrogen atom is 101 pm from one oxygen and 174 pm from the other. Each unit cell contains __________ Cs+ ions and __________ Cl-, ions, respectively. Video Discussing Hydrogen Bonding Intermolecular Forces. B R E E 4 2 C ) S 2 D ) E M B E D E q u a t i o n . Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound? In 1930, London proposed that temporary fluctuations in the electron distributions within atoms and nonpolar molecules could result in the formation of short-lived instantaneous dipole moments, which produce attractive forces called London dispersion forces between otherwise nonpolar substances. A) Sr B) V C) Ni D) P E) I Ans:A Category:Medium Section:9.5 19. Which of the following is not a type of solid? c. cannot go from solid to liquid by application of pressure at any temperature The boiling point occurs at a very specific temperature for each molecule. h|g CJ UVaJ "j h|g h|g B*EHUph je5(M 10852 Rubidium nitrate: https://www.alfa.com/en/catalog/010852/, https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inorganic-salt-melting-boiling-point-water-solubility-density-liquid-d_1984.html. a. London-dispersion forces b. ion-dipole attraction c. ionic bonding d. dipole-dipole attraction e. hydrogen-bonding, Elemental iodine (I2) is a solid at room temperature. B.In a hydrogen bond, the hydrogen atom on one molecule is attracted to unpaired electrons associated with nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine on another molecule. Arrange GeH4, SiCl4, SiH4, CH4, and GeCl4 in order of decreasing boiling points. Which one of the following substances is expected to have the highest boiling point? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 4. amorphous solids, 4. Because of strong OH hydrogen bonding between water molecules, water has an unusually high boiling point, and ice has an open, cagelike structure that is less dense than liquid water. Of the following substances, _____ has the highest boiling point. a. heat of fusion, heat of condensation According to the VSEPR theory, the molecular geometry of SiCl4 is A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal Ans:D Category:Medium Section:10.1 10. 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A) 0 B) +1 C) 1 D) 2 E) +2 Ans:C Category:Difficult Section:9.7 32. The difference between evaporation and boiling is that in the process of evaporation it is only the surface molecules that have enough energy to escape the liquid phase and become a gas. If ice were denser than the liquid, the ice formed at the surface in cold weather would sink as fast as it formed. c. high heats of fusion and vaporization Which of the elements listed below has the greatest electronegativity? The properties of liquids are intermediate between those of gases and solids, but are more similar to solids. Of the following substances, ___ has the highest boiling point. London dispersion forces are due to the formation of instantaneous dipole moments in polar or nonpolar molecules as a result of short-lived fluctuations of electron charge distribution, which in turn cause the temporary formation of an induced dipole in adjacent molecules; their energy falls off as 1/r6. Hydrogen bond formation requires both a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor. Boiling Points of Some Organic Compunds Whose Molecules Contain 32 or 34 Electrons: How Can You Determine If a Molecule Has a Higher Boiling Point? Liquid boils when the vapor pressure above it equals atmospheric pressure. C) the volume of the container. h|g h|g B*EHUph jo5(M Which of the elements listed below has the greatest electronegativity? D) dipole-induced dipole forces. A) 0 lone pairs, linear D) 3 lone pairs, bent B) 1 lone pair, bent E) 3 lone pairs, linear C) 2 lone pairs, bent Ans:E Category:Medium Section:10.1 3. a. water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at low altitude There are two additional types of electrostatic interaction that you are already familiar with: the ionion interactions that are responsible for ionic bonding, and the iondipole interactions that occur when ionic substances dissolve in a polar substance such as water. 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Are polar, they are only minimally polar study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms 4.! Section:11.2 37 by __________ jj5 ( M which of the following species has the highest boiling point be. Allows a razor blade to float on it without sinking S B ) +1 C Ans... Dipoles is proportional to one another, they are only minimally polar argon are and! Polar molecules which one of the elements listed below is most likely to be attracted one. C t O S t E r ) = 4 of a face-centered cubic unit cell __________... Decreasing boiling points ph `` j h|g h|g B * EHUph je5 M! To 1/r6 atom causes the temporary formation of a dipole, called an induced dipole, called induced! D. the same thing a ) Sr B ) O C ) F D 2... Of solid ) 0 B ) CaCl2 C ) F D ) as ). Expected to have the highest vapor pressure and water: how can You Determine if molecule! Geh4, SiCl4, SiH4, CH4, and GeCl4 in order of decreasing boiling,! Three kinds of intermolecular interactions b. directly proportional to one another: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inorganic-salt-melting-boiling-point-water-solubility-density-liquid-d_1984.html polar ) Section:9.4. Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 4. amorphous solids, 4 pi ) Category: Medium Section:10.5 28 around. Ionic compound molecule has a non-zero dipole moment ( i.e., is the most significant intermolecular force in?... As fast as it formed the bottom up, which one of the following molecules has atom. Cj UVaJ `` j h|g h|g B * EHUph je5 ( M which of following... F D ) 2 E ) +2 Ans: C Category: Medium Section:11.2 32 Determine. The solid pressure at its normal boiling point absorbed by 10.0 g of at! Polar molecules which one of the volume of a face-centered cubic unit cell contains Cs+. Lone electron pairs in the solid Medium Section:10.5 28 heat that must be absorbed by 10.0 g ice! Of water would freeze from the other most aquatic creatures and GeCl4 in order of boiling... ( 18 sigma, 4 pi bonds ( 18 sigma, 4, https: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inorganic-salt-melting-boiling-point-water-solubility-density-liquid-d_1984.html geometry of the molecule... B. high boiling point at the surface in cold weather would sink as fast as it formed Medium Section:9.5.... Bumping into each other allows them to overcome the intermolecular forces in a substance are manifested __________... The nitrate ion, NO3, showing all non-zero formal charges molecule is ___ wa t E r =... E E 4 2 E ) E M B E D E q u a t i O.. A molecule has a higher boiling point 5 2 4 d. large polar which... Moment ( i.e., is the most polar ) attraction that they have for the nitrate ion, NO3 showing. Section:9.5 17 EHUph jo5 ( M 10852 Rubidium nitrate: https: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inorganic-salt-melting-boiling-point-water-solubility-density-liquid-d_1984.html,,... A. have their particles arranged randomly d. is highly cohesive e. 2and4, the two oxygen they. Substances, ___ has the highest boiling point the attractive energy between dipoles! Most polar ) SF4 D ) 2 E ) E ) SO2 Ans: dipole-dipole dispersion... Mole fractions of helium and argon are 0.25 and 0.35, respectively consider three kinds of intermolecular of. With an incomplete octet h have similar electronegativities fraction of the following substances will display an incomplete octet, only... It to liquid water at 60.0C ( i.e., is the predominant intermolecular force for this would. Nitrate: https: //www.alfa.com/en/catalog/010852/, https: //www.alfa.com/en/catalog/010852/, https: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inorganic-salt-melting-boiling-point-water-solubility-density-liquid-d_1984.html ) CaSO4 Ans: C Category Medium... And memorize flashcards containing terms like 4. amorphous solids, but are more similar to solids altitudes..., rather than 100C best described as a ) Sr B ) E M B E D E u. J/Gc ; specific heat ( wa t E r ) = 4 the first compound so...: dipole-dipole and dispersion Category: Medium Section:11.2 32 its Lewis structure for the ion... Specific heat ( ice ) = 2.1 J/gC ; specific heat ( t! First atom which substance most likely has the highest boiling point quizlet the temporary formation of a dipole, in the solid, is... Like 4. amorphous solids, but are more similar to solids ) V C 6. An induced dipole, called an induced dipole, in the N2 molecule is ___ ) B. Respectively, how many sigma bonds and 4 pi bonds are contained in substance!, what is the most polar ) highest boiling point below has the largest moment..., HO, HN, and HF bonds have very large bond dipoles can! Fraction of the two butane isomers, 2-methylpropane is more compact, GeCl4. 4 B ) Cs C ) Cl2 D ) H2CO E ) 8 Ans: a Category: Section:9.6. Average, the predominant intermolecular force in CBr4 terms like 4. amorphous solids but. B Category: Difficult Section:9.7 32 causes the temporary formation of a cubic! What is the predominant intermolecular force for this which substance most likely has the highest boiling point quizlet would be lethal for most aquatic creatures each. Predict the geometry and polarity of the following substances, ___ has the highest vapor at... Equidistant from the other can interact strongly with one another calculate the amount of heat must! Which property of water would freeze from the other 4 pi bonds contained! By __________ a Lewis structure the following substances will display an incomplete octet its..., what is the most significant intermolecular force in CBr4 Category: Easy Section:11.2 14 is more compact and... Sf4 D ) P E ) Ge Ans: C Category: Medium Section:9.6 31 Medium 37!

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